James Madison's 51st Federalist Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

James Madison's 51st Federalist Paper - Essay Example However, the framers identified certain realistic problems in making all offices elective. Especially, the judicial branch would face problems because the typical person does not have knowledge about what qualifications judges ought to have. Judges must have great capability, but also not have any political pressures. While federal judges are selected for life, their philosophy will not be inclined via the president who appoints them or the senators whose permission the president will take. All the arguments were generated due to his past life as he was in aristocratic family in Port Conway so his thinking was also very refined. His personal background did not have anything do with any kind of discrimination of race, class and gender. The background which affected his thinking was his education, refined family background and experience which he gained from Thomas Jefferson Madison's writings are filled with figurative and fancy language. In today's terms, a faction is a special interest group. They are a lot of groups of citizens who make a try to advance their thoughts or economic interests at the cost of other citizens or by methods that conflict with the public good. To be in command of a minority faction, there are two alternatives. One alternative could be to eliminate whatever is the reason behind the rise of the faction. Nevertheless, this is impractical. Thus, a second proposal was prepared. In this proposal Madison states that in order to have power over factions one does not need to its causes, but control its effectiveness. James Madison's Federalist, No. 51, is a transparent expression of views and guiding principle for a new government. He was a strong devotee and member of the Federalists whose key beliefs supported the Constitution. They also thought that the Articles of Confederation required rewriting so that it would be possible for the new central government to control the power of the states. Madison begins possibly the most well-known of the Federalist papers, Federalist No.51, by stating that one of the strongest arguments in favor of the Constitution is the fact that it establishes a government capable of controlling the violence and damage caused by factions. Madison believes that the factions are groups who get together to defend and support their special economic interests as well as political opinions. Even though these factions are different from each other, they often work in opposition to the public interests, and violate the rights of others. Equally supporters as well as opponents of the plan are troubled by the political instability which is caused by opponent factions. The state governments have not been successful in resolving this issue; in fact the state of affairs is so challenging that people are disappointed with all politicians and hold government the reasonable for their troubles. As a result, a kind of popular government that can deal effectively with this crisis has a lot to suggest it. Given the temperament of man, factions are predictable. As long as every man has diverse opinions, have unequal wealth, and have different amount of property, they will carry on socializing with people who more like them. Both severe and small reasons account for the creation of factions however the most vital foundation of faction is the unequally distributed property. Men

Analyzing Social Change Through Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Pun

Albert Einstein said it best, â€Å"The significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them† - Albert Einstein(58 Quotes). Social change is an opportunity for positive growth in today’s world, however it may sometimes take a tragedy to get there. Many big events in history such as The French Revolution and the Civil Rights Movement have caused social change, but our world is stronger because of those events. It takes leadership and a desire for growth to make a positive change in today’s society. Many philosophers have theorized social change through functionalism, conflict theory, and punctuated equilibrium. In the early twentieth century, Emile Durkheim along with the help of Talcott Parsons established the basis of the functionalist theory; known as the oldest yet still prominent theoretical perspective in sociology. â€Å"Functionalism can be summed up with one simple premise "the world is a system of interrelated parts, and each part makes a necessary contribution to the vitality of the system†(Functionalist Perspective of Sociology). Functionalists strive to explain the various parts of a society and their relationship through the organic analogy. The organic analogy refers to society as the organs of a living organism. These organs must be able to survive and function through a certain system much like that of a society. The functionalist view looks at society altogether as well as its interrelated parts and how they maintain the whole (Anthropological Theories). Criticism of functionalism began in the ‘1970s’. â€Å"Functional theory also has been criticized for its disregard of the historical process and for its presupposition that societies are in a state of equilibrium† (qtd. in... ...rinnell.edu. 24 Feb. 2000. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. . "Punctuated Equilibrium | Academic Room." Educational Websites. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. . "Punctuated Equilibrium in Social Theory." - Volume of Interactions. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. . "Punctuated Equilibrium." Science.jrank.org. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. . "The University of Alabama." Functionalism. 2009. Web. 02 May 2012. . Wade, Mike, and Scott Schneberger. "Punctuated Equilibrium Theory." Theories Used in IS Research. 13 Apr. 2006. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. .

The Case Of Chronic Gastritis Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionIn the fast-paced, acute attention scenes, the nursing program should reflect on a client ‘s state of affairs and supply appropriate and thoughtful nursing intercessions. Therefore, it is of import that the nurses are decently trained and develop real-life, real-time scenarios for a fake clinical scene. Throughout the history of medical scenes, the functions and maps of nurses are capable for alterations with an purpose to command the client or patients ‘ wellness results. And based on the nursing intercessions applied, the intervention or medicine that is involved in the nursing program should match to the program of attention which may affect the coaction of wellness attention squad and the household of the client. The alterations in nursing functions has been discussed by many research workers and concluded that the chief aim is to develop their consciousness of peculiar functions. In add-on, the client ‘s position may alter, asking a new program of a ttention. With these alterations, the nurses may meet troubles within the infirmary scenes.BackgroundThe client is enduring in n abdominal hurting and is declared to be gastritis which is characterized with java land purging and HB beads. â€Å" Coffee land † puke reveals that the blood has been in the tummy for some clip and has been changed by stomachic secernments. Gastritis is redness of the stomachic mucous membrane caused by any of several conditions, including infection, E-coli, drugs ( NSAIDs, intoxicant ) , emphasis, and autoimmune phenomena ( atrophic gastritis ) . Gastritis consequences of a dislocation in stomachic mucosal barrier wherein the tummy tissue unprotected from auto-digestion by Hydrochloric Acid ( HCl acid ) and pepsin. There is a possibility for the internal bleeding because of the break in the capillary walls in the blood vass. In the medical appraisal on the client, it is discovered that he/she is enduring in Chronic Gastritis ( Type B ) because of the Helicobacter Pylori infection. This means that the client has a obscure ailment of epigastric hurting that is relieved by nutrient, marks of anorexia, nausea/vomiting, intolerance of fatso and spicy nutrients, baneful anaemia, and has a high hazard for stomachic malignant neoplastic disease. There are many hazard factors involved in the Gastritis such as the usage of drugs, the life style and diet like the ingestion of intoxicant and spicy nutrients, the environment ( radiation and smoke ) , pathophysiologic conditions ( Burnss, nephritic failure, sepsis ) and others like emphasis. However, the Chronic Gastritis is different from the Acute Gastritis because of the presence of micro-organisms Helicobacter pylori which may play an of import function in Chronic Gastritis because it promotes the dislocation of stomachic mucosal barrier.Literature ReviewAs portion of the action of some infirmary scenes, the development of clinical experiences of nurses can be used as portion of the evidence-based pattern in such countries as cardiac catheterisation labs, endoscopy units, and exigency sections, which offer few benefits for scholars or nurses. Clinical observations provide limited chances to larn job resolution, and they are used often as a manner to diminish student-faculty Nu mberss in the clinical sphere ( Smith, 2009 ) . To analyze the status of the client, it is advised to use the procedure of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy ( EGD ) which is the best method for analyzing upper GI conditions. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy may be abbreviated EGD or OGD if one uses the British spelling ‘oesophago- ‘ . In medical scenes, the nursing practicians are trained in such plans including the EGD process with an purpose to larn the proficient accomplishments as use of EGD and cognitive accomplishments like reading of stomachic findings. It is of import that the nurses have the proficient competence to find the appropriate methods in intervention and medicine ( Park, et al. , 2010 ) . Within the Endoscopic Nursing, endoscopic processs are performed by nurses under supervising of an experient supervisor or medical professional of the endoscopy unit. During OGD, the relationship between the gastroesophageal junction ( GEJ ) and the squamocolumnar junction ( SCJ ) was carefully noted. The tummy and duodenum were carefully inspected for the presence of peptic ulcer disease. The process enables the medical pracititioner to analyze the liner of the GI piece of land by get downing a tubing utilizing a thin flexible tubing with its ain lens and light beginning or picture endoscope ( NHS, 2003 ; Unal, et al. , 2006 ) . The processs are performed to measure symptoms of relentless upper abdominal hurting, sickness, emesis, and trouble in get downing or shed blooding from the upper GI piece of land. The OGD is more accurate than x-ray movies for observing redness, ulcers, or tumors of the gorge, tummy and duodenum. Upper endoscopy can observe early malignant neoplastic disease and can separate between benign and malignant ( cancerous ) conditions when biopsies ( little tissue samples ) of leery countries are obtained. Biopsies, nevertheless, are taken for many grounds and do non needfully intend that malignant neoplastic disease is suspected. A assortment of instruments can besides be passed through the endoscope that allow many abnormalcies to be treated straight with small or no uncomfortableness, for illustration, stretching narrowed countries, taking polyps ( normally benign growings ) or handling upper GI hemorrhage. Safe and effectual control of hemorrhage has reduced the demand for transfusions and surgery in many patients.PreparationThe client ‘s tummy must be wholly empty and must compel non to eat or imbibe, which include H2O for about 4 hours before the scrutiny . The doctor will be more specific about the clip to get down fasting, depending on the clip of twenty-four hours that your trial is arranged. It is of import that the patient should supply the information sing the current medicines. In instance that there are needed medicines, accommodations should be made before the trial most specifically, if the client has major jobs in bosom or lung status that might necessitate particular attending during the process. Part of the readying for endoscopy is to set up the duties within the circle of the household. Here, the support of the household members is needed. The client, if necessary, will be given depressants that may impact the client ‘s judgement and physiological reactions for the undermentioned 24 hours. There are bounds in the normal activities, although the client will non experience tired, it is non advised to make heavy undertakings without the company of other household member. The client can restart normal activities after 24h following endoscopy.During the OGD ProcedureThe doctor will reexamine the client ‘s state of affairs and the nurse is expected to be at that place to steer the client and support him every bit good during the process. The nursing program starts in the admittance of the client in the infirmary and to instantly response on the demands of the patient. Therefore, it is of import that the nurses will showcase the competent nursing attention that can me rely happen when client beliefs and values are thoughtfully and skilfully incorporated into nursing attention programs. Since lovingness is the nucleus of nursing, a competent nurse can administrate the nursing program and execution for the patient to accomplish the positive result. Other alternate trials may be given if the medical professionals assessed that the process might bespeak possible complications. The nurse will explicate the beginning of the process and make an option available for the client such as spraying the client ‘s pharynx with a local anesthetic before the trial begins and/or may be given medicine through a vena that can assist the client relax during the trial. Throat spray has the advantage of enabling the client to remain awake and in full control during the trial. In add-on it may be safer in patients with cardiac or respiratory jobs. However, the client may happen the trial more uncomfortable if they are to the full awake, hence, sedation has the adv antage of doing you more relaxed, and may even fall asleep during the trial and therefore you will hold small remembrance of the trial itself. Sedation nevertheless, may somewhat increase the hazard of cardiac or respiratory complications in susceptible patients. Occasionally the doctor may urge a combination of pharynx spray and sedation if the process is likely to last longer that norm. The nursing practician is expected to explicate the pros and cons of sedation versus pharynx spray to client which makes the determination sagely. Following sedation or pharynx spray the endoscope is passed through the oral cavity and so in bend through the gorge, tummy and duodenum. The OGD does non interfere with the client ‘s external respiration during the trial but most patients consider the trial to be merely somewhat uncomfortable. However, at the terminal of the process, the nurse, who is the closest individual to the clients, can help the client and supervise the endoscopy country until most of the effects of the medicine have worn off. The nurse will assist the client to get by with the alterations and pointing the effects of OGD. Partss of the alterations that may look are the feeling of sore pharynx and bloated feeling because of the air introduced into the tummy during the trial. The client, under the nursing attention program is advised to decelerate restart the a ctivities until eventually reached the recovery and restart the diet after the client leave the infirmary unless the client is instructed otherwise. Therefore, the nurse ‘s action for attention extends by educating the household members sing the status of the client and giving appropriate nursing intercessions.Possible ComplicationsOGD is by and large safe and complications can happen but are rare when doctors, sawboness or nurse endoscopists with specialized preparation and experience perform the trial. Bleeding may happen from a biopsy site or where a polyp has been removed. It is normally minimum and seldom requires blood transfusions or surgery. Localised annoyance of the vena where the medicine was injected may seldom do a stamp ball enduring for a few yearss, but this will finally travel off. Other possible hazards include a reaction to the depressants used and complications from bosom or lung diseases. Major complications, e.g. , perforation ( a tear that might necessit ate surgery for fix ) and aspiration pneumonia are really uncommon, Upper GI endoscopies may affect a little hazard to coronate dentitions or dental bridgework. It is of import that the client can recognize early marks of any possible complication such as holding a febrility after the trial, have problem swallowing, or have increasing pharynx, thorax, or abdominal hurting. In any instance, the client should allow the doctors know about it quickly ( NHS, 2003 ) .The Case of Chronic GastritisHelicobacter PyloriIn the finding of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) , the infection is recognized to be the most of import acquired factor in the etiology of ulcers of the tummy and duodenum. However, the infection does non look to predispose to gastro-esophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) and some grounds indicates a possible protective consequence. The hypothesis is that the presence of H. pylori may protect against the development of GERD by stamp downing stomachic sourness via the neutralizing consequence of bacterial ammonium hydroxide production and principal gastritis induced by relentless H. pylori infection ( Unal, et al. , 2006 ) . Helicobacter Pylori is a spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacteria found in colonised stomachic mucous membrane or disciple to the epithelial liner of the tummy. The surplus of the bacterium causes uninterrupted stomachic redness in virtually all septic individuals. The infection is acquired via consumption orally and can be transmitted during childhood in most instances. H. pylori are the cause of most instances of Peptic Ulcer Disease ( PUD ) and chronic gastritis. If the client ignored the marks of either PUD or gastritis, there is a hazard that the status might take to stomachic malignant neoplastic disease ( Suzawa, 2008 ) . There are several surveies show H pylori obliteration may better gastritis and superficial epithelial harm but grade of enteric metaplasia ( alteration in signifiers ) and wasting did non happened. Treating H pylori has been associated with decrease in cell proliferation, declaration of redness, disappearing of hyperplastic polyps, standardization of apoptotic ra tes, and arrested development of glandular wasting enteric metaplasia ( Lee, 2007 ) .Medicine and Treatment ManagementPart of the nursing program is to use the appropriate medicine. Since the client demonstrated the Chronic Gastritis, with the presence of H pylori, there are two types of intervention which are the nonsurgical direction and surgical positions, that are available and the determination of medicine is based on the judgement of the doctor. Under the nonsurgical direction, the primary intervention is based on the designation and riddance of causative factors, and can be applied by drug therapy ( Vitamin B12, Triple therapy for H. pylori infection, etc ) or other therapies like the diet therapy, emphasis decrease and avoiding alcoholic drinks. On the other manus, the surgery is identified to be advisable and referred as the frequent solution for peptic ulcer disease. Although the surgery minimizes the complications of the disease, there are medical research workers detailing that the impact of H pylori has led to a tendency towards minimal art in surgical therapy. In add-on to the alterations in patient attention, these developments have had an impact on the preparation of sawboness and nurses. Gastritis literally means redness of the tummy. Chronic gastritis is most normally due to H pylori infection and in most of the instances is symptomless and there is hapless correlativity between symptoms and chronic H pylori infections with chronic redness. But surgery plays no function in this instance. However, if the chronic gastritis is assessed to be duodenal reflux or gall reflux gastritis, the instance may be self-generated or secondary to prior stomachic surgery. On OGD, the clients have bile in the tummy, erythematous chev rons or spots and sometimes mucosal hydrops. Treatment with mucosal protective agents, prokinetic agents, and binders of gall salts has been let downing. Surgical therapy consists of recreation of bile off from the tummy ( Lipo, Shapiro, & A ; Kozol, 2006 ) .

First Pets A History of Animals in the White House

While they never have and never will run for office, hold a press conference, or issue an executive order, more presidential pets have lived in the White House than First Family humans. Indeed, some of the more than 400 pets that have lived at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. have been more popular than the presidents who owned them. George Washington Starts the Pet Parade The tradition of presidential pets dates back to the nation’s first president,  George Washington. While he never lived in the White House, Washington personally cared for many farm animals at his home in Mount Vernon. Clearly, his favorite was Nelson, the sorrel horse then General Washington had been riding when he accepted the British surrender at Yorktown, the battle that ended the Revolutionary War. According to presidential historians, Washington never rode Nelson again after the war, choosing instead to allow the â€Å"splendid charger† to live out his days as a pampered celebrity. It was reported that when Washington would walk up to Nelson’s paddock, â€Å"the old war-horse would run, neighing, to the fence, proud to be caressed by the great masters hands.† Abe Lincoln’s Menagerie A dedicated animal lover and pet owner himself, President Abraham Lincoln let his sons Tad and Willie, keep all the pets they wanted. And, oh the pets they kept. According to various historians, at one time the Lincoln’s White House menagerie grew to include turkeys, horses, rabbits, and two goats named Nanny and Nanko. Nanny and Nanko sometimes rode with Abe on in the presidential carriage. The turkey, Jack, went from the main dish on the Lincolns’ dinner menu to cherished pet when First Son Tad begged for the bird’s life. Getting Benjamin Harrison’s Goat Along with a Collie dog named Dash and two opossums named Mr. Reciprocity and Mr. Protection, twenty-third President,  Benjamin Harrison also allowed his grandchildren to keep a goat named His Whiskers, which often pulled the children around the White House lawn in a cart. One memorable day, His Whiskers, with the children in tow, ran uncontrolled through the White House gates. Numerous Washington, D.C., residents were reportedly amused to have seen the Commander in Chief himself, holding on to his top hat and waving his cane, chasing a runaway goat cart down Pennsylvania Avenue. Theodore Roosevelt, Champion Pet Owner With six animal-loving children living with him in the White House for eight years, twenty-sixth President, Theodore Roosevelt easily reigns as the champion owner of presidential pets, including several rather untraditional creatures.   According to the National Parks Service, the list of the Roosevelt childrens family of untraditional pets included: â€Å"a small bear named Jonathan Edwards; a lizard named Bill; guinea pigs named Admiral Dewey, Dr. Johnson, Bishop Doane, Fighting Bob Evans, and Father OGrady; Maude the pig; Josiah the badger; Eli Yale the blue macaw; Baron Spreckle the hen; a one-legged rooster; a hyena; a barn owl; Peter the rabbit; and Algonquin the pony.† The family so loved Algonquin that when Roosevelt’s son Archie was sick, his brothers Kermit and Quentin tried to take the pony up to his bedroom in the White House elevator. But when Algonquin saw himself in the elevator mirror, he refused to get out. Quentins sister, Alice also had a garter snake she named Emily Spinach, â€Å"because it was as green as spinach and as thin as my Aunt Emily.† On the more traditional side, the Roosevelts were dog lovers. Their many First Dogs includedSailor Boy the Chesapeake retriever, Jack the terrier, Skip the mongrel, Manchu the Pekingese, and Pete, a bull terrier who was exiled to Roosevelt’s family home in Long Island because of his propensity for biting members of the White House staff. Alice once claimed to have seen Manchu, her Pekingese dancing on its hind legs on the White House lawn in the moonlight. The Role of the First Pets Presidents and their families typically keep pets for the same reason anyone else does – they love them. However, White House pets often play their own unique roles in the lives of their presidential â€Å"parents.† Not only do presidential pets tend to improve their owners’ public image as â€Å"just folks like us,† they help reduce the stress level involved being the â€Å"leader of the free world.† Especially since the invention of the radio, television, and now the internet, the role of First Family pets, not only in the daily lives of their owners but in history has become better known. When President Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill signed the historic Atlantic Charter in 1941 aboard the USS Augusta, radio and newspaper correspondents eagerly noted the presence of Fala, Roosevelt’s beloved Scottish terrier. In 1944, after Republicans in Congress publicly accused Roosevelt of accidentally leaving Fala behind after a presidential visit to the Aleutian Islands and sending a Navy destroyer back for him â€Å"at a cost to the taxpayers of two or three, or eight or twenty million dollars,† the FDR memorably stated that the accusation had harmedFala’s â€Å"Scotch soul.† â€Å"He has not been the same dog since,† said Roosevelt in a campaign speech. â€Å"I am accustomed to hearing malicious falsehoods about myself †¦ But I think I have a right to resent, to object to, libelous statements about my dog.† First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt detailed Fala’s life in the first presidential â€Å"pet-ography.† Over the years, other first ladies have continued the tradition. Barbara Bush wrote about the Bush’s Springer Spaniel, Millie, and Hillary Clinton wrote about Socks the cat and President Clinton’s chocolate Labrador retriever, Buddy. While they never actually stated their platforms, presidential pets have also played a role in politics. When he ran for president in 1928, Herbert Hoover  was to be photographed with a Belgian shepherd named King Tut. Hoover’s advisers thought the dog would improve their candidate’s rather stuffy public image. The ploy worked. Hoover was elected and took King Tut to the White House with him. Including King Tut, the Hoover White House was home to seven dogs – and two unnamed alligators. Along with a white Collie named Blanco and a mixed-breed dog named Yuki, President Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat owned four Beagles named Him, Her, Edgar, and Freckles. During his 1964 re-election campaign, Johnson was photographed holding Him up by his ears. Republican leaders in Congress pointed to the incident as â€Å"animal cruelty† and predicted it would end LBJ’s political career. However, Johnson produced several books proving that lifting Beagles by their ears was common and did not harm the dogs. In the end, the photo ended up endearing Johnson to dog owners, helping him defeat his Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater. Presidents Who Had No Pets According to the Presidential Pet Museum, The only president known not to keep a pet during his entire term in office was James K. Polk, who served from 1845 to 1849. While they never had any â€Å"official† pets, Andrew Johnson was said to feed a group of white mice he found in his bedroom and Martin Van Buren was given two tiger cubs by the Sultan of Oman that Congress forced him to send to the zoo. While most First Families kept multiple pets, President Andrew Jackson was known to have only one, a parrot named â€Å"Polly,† which he taught to swear heartily. Through his first six months in office, President Donald Trump had yet to welcome a pet into the White House. Shortly after the 2016 election, Palm Beach philanthropist Lois Pope offered Trump a Goldendoodle as First Dog. However, the Palm Beach Daily News later reported that Pope had withdrawn her offer. Of course, now that First Lady Melania Trump and the couple’s 10-year-old son Barron have moved into the White House, the odds that a pet will eventually join them have gotten better. While the Trumps have no pets, Vice President Pence more than takes up the administration’s pet slack. So far, the Pences have an Australian shepherd puppy named Harley, a gray kitten named Hazel, a cat named Pickle, a rabbit named Marlon Bundo, and a hive of unnamed bees.