Comparing Cousin Kate and The Seduction Essay - 1392 Words

Comparing Cousin Kate and The Seduction In this coursework I will be comparing the two poems ‘Cousin Kate’ by Christina Rossetti and ‘The Seduction’ by Eileen McAuley. The two poems have many similarities but there are also some differences between them. To begin I will give an introduction to both the poems. Cousin Kate is about a cottage maiden that is tricked into having an affair with a rich Lord. She is then betrayed by the Lord who decides to dump her. He then marries her Cousin Kate who is much more beautiful than her and who has not yet lost her virginity. The Lord completely forgets about the maid after abandoning her and leaves her all alone. The maiden later realises that she is pregnant with a baby boy who is the†¦show more content†¦In Cousin Kate the cottage maiden truly loves the lord and has an affair with him for a period of time –â€Å"Woe’s me for joy thereof† while in The Seduction the girl hardly knows anything about the boy and has a one night stand with him. The other difference is the location of the two poems. Cousin Kate is set in the countryside –â€Å"I was a cottage maiden† while the Seduction is set in the city –â€Å"the silver stream of traffic through the city†. Another difference between the two poems is the way the two women are seduced by the men. In Cousin Kate the lord seduces the women by using his wealth and treating her well –â€Å"lured me to his palace home† while in the seduction the girl is seduced without any romance or romantic feelings. She only sleeps with the boy because she is drunk. In the seduction the poet describes what happened that night in as almost dirty where the boy calls her things like â€Å"little slag,† The boy in the seduction is described as a very rough and unfriendly with the things he does- †¦he spat into the river†¦.The events that take place in the seduction are also described in a dark with the use of phrases like â€Å"the frightening scum on the river†. The women also have many different feelings towards their pregnancies at the end of the poems. At the end of CousinShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of ‘To His Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvell and ‘To His Mistress Going to Bed’ by John Donne2064 Words   |  9 Pages desperate begging the women for sex. However, as we know from other poems (such as Cousin Kate and The Seduction) men valued purity above most other things (when considering marriage). So we could say that these men were hypocritical for wanting their women pure for marriage but willing to have sex with them pre-marriage! These poems are both themed on love, sex, romance and seduction. However, the attitudes towards their relationships and lovers are completely diverseRead More Comparing Maturation in Sons and Lovers, Out Of The Shelter and The Rachel Papers3561 Words   |  15 PagesComparing Maturation in Sons and Lovers by D.H Lawrence, Out Of The Shelter by David Lodge and The Rachel Papers  by Martin Amis  Ã‚   Each of these three novels Sons and Lovers by D.H Lawrence, Out Of The Shelter by David Lodge and The Rachel Papers by Martin Amis, examine the transition between childhood and adulthood of the three main characters in each of the texts. Each author represents this transition by showing how all the characters deal with significant stages or events in their lives

Nazi Germany A Totalitarian State - 1532 Words

Nazi Germany: A Totalitarian State? The purpose of this essay is to explain whether Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state or not. Totalitarian state means when all aspects of life within a country are under the total control of a person or group, this is often referred to as a dictator. The aspects of life in Nazi Germany that I am going to examine are young people, women, the church, employment, leisure time, propaganda and censorship. After I have discussed these aspects of life I would finish off my essay with a conclusion answering the purpose of this essay. By 1934 Adolf Hitler appeared to have complete control over Germany, but like most dictators, he constantly feared that he might be†¦show more content†¦However, Adolf Hitler had his own reasons for wanting Roehm removed. Powerful supporters of Hitler had been complaining about Roehm for some time. Generals were afraid that the Sturm Abteilung (SA), a force of over 3 million men, would absorb the much smaller German Army into its ranks and Roehm would become its overall leader. Industrialists such as Albert Voegler, Gustav Krupp, Alfried Krupp, Fritz Thyssen and Emile Kirdorf, who had provided the funds for the Nazi victory, were unhappy with Roehms socialistic views on the economy and his claims that the real revolution had still to take place. Many people in the party also disapproved of the fact that Roehm and many other leaders of the SA were homosexuals. Adolf Hitler was also aware that Roehm and the SA had the power to remove him. Hermann Goering and Heinrich Himmler played on this fear by constantly feeding him with new information on Roehms proposed coup. Their masterstroke was to claim that Gregor Strasser, whom Hitler hated, was part of the planned conspiracy against him. With this news Hitler ordered all the SA leaders to attend a meeting in the Hanselbauer Hotel in Wiesse. Meanwhile Goering and Himmler were drawing up a list of people outside the SA that they wanted killed. The list included Strasser,Show MoreRelatedNazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesNazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Goebbels once said the aim of the Nationalist Socialist Revolution must be a totalitarian state, which will permeate all aspects of public life In reality to put this into practise was a lot more difficult. From the outside, people assume that the Nazis had brainwashed every German citizen during their reign. By booking more closely, through Germanys archives we can see a better picture of what Germany was really like. TotalitarianRead MoreThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 1930s as Totalitarian States1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 1930s as Totalitarian States A totalitarian state usually refers to a country in which the central government has total control over almost all aspects of peoples life. Main features include an infallible leader, one-party rule, elitism, strict party discipline, purges against enemies and political dissidents, planned economy, strong armaments, indoctrination, encouragement of nationalism, an official doctrine that everybody has Read MoreTo What Extent Did Nazi Germany Establish a Totalitarian State in the Years 1933 and 1939?2003 Words   |  9 PagesModern History Research Essay To what extent did the Nazis succeed in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939? The Nazis succeeded to a great degree in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A Totalitarian state is defined as a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures. A Totalitarian state aims to establish complete: - political -social/economicRead MoreHitler s A Totalitarian State1690 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A totalitarian state was defined as a government that promotes the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by extreme measures. There is no doubt that radical changes occurred as a result of significant decisions made and policies introduced by the party, but there appears to be strong evidence to suggest that their desire for popularity and power was not completely fulfilled. In order for Germany to beRead MoreThe Totalitarian Systems That Changed Lives Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pageswriting about the totalitarian systems and how they changed people’s lives. I am going to look into detail about the totalitarian systems, their facts, their main structures, how they came to power, why they came to power and what changed after they were abolished in two specific countries. A totalitarian system or totalitarianism, as its name states ‘total’, is a form of government where the state keeps public, cultural and other aspects of life under strict control. The totalitarian systems that IRead MoreIntroduction. This Assignment Will Discuss The Difference1514 Words   |  7 Pageswill discuss the difference between a Totalitarian state and a Liberal Democratic state. An example of a totalitarian state is Nazi Germany and Stalin in the Soviet Union. An example of a liberal democratic state would be South Africa and Australia. The aim of this assignment is to educate the reader on the difference between two states. A critical analysis will be made differentiating a totalitarian state and a liberal democratic state. A totalitarian state can be seen as a form of government thatRead MoreThe Totalitarian Aspects of Nazi Germany Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Totalitarian Aspects of Nazi Germany The government of Nazi Germany was a fascist, totalitarian state. They ruled in Germany ever since Hitler became chancellor in 1933, to 1945. Totalitarianism was a form of government in which the state involves itself in all facts of society, including the daily life of its citizens. It penetrates and controls all aspects of public and private life, through the states use of propaganda, terror and technology. Totalitarian societiesRead MoreTo What Extent Can Nazism in Power Be Seen as Totalitarianism in the Period 1933-1939?1008 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Fredrich’s â€Å"six point syndrome†, a totalitarian state must consist of an official ideology, a single mass party, terroristic police control, monopoly control of the media and arms and central control of the economy. During the Nazi Reich between 1933-1939, under Hitler as Fuhrer (supreme leader), the Nazi regime was able to successfully achieve aspects of totalitarianism by exerting tight control of the media and police; leading to control of certain aspects of German social, politicalRead MoreThe Meaning of the Term Totalitarianism Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted in Europe in the 1920s and 30s. It was an absolutism that emphasized the importance of the state at the expense of individual liberties. It displays the following features: One-party dictatorship and one-man rule were emphasized in a totalitarian state. Only one party ruled in a totalitarian state, for example, the Fascist Part in Italy, the Nazi Party in Germany and the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. All other political parties were made illegal, bannedRead MoreNazi Germany Positive And Negative Effects On The World War I1731 Words   |  7 PagesLife in Nazi Germany had many positive and negative effects on the people that were living there between 1933-1939. The treaty of Versailles was when Germany was in great despair. The Germans had to pay back repatriations for losing the war, they lost territory, accepted the blame for causing World War I and there was also the near elimination of the Germany army. This all lead Germany into suffering badly through the Great Depression. The Nazi party and their leader Adolf Hitler brought the Totalitarian

How to Stop Worrying and Start Living Free Essays

Introduction How do you deal with your worries? Do you have any ways to solve your problems? We are not taught them neither at school nor on the job. We are supposed to find and figure out them by ourselves. Today I’d like to talk about: first, how serious damages we get from worries. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Stop Worrying and Start Living or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second, the solution for those of you who suffer from worries, and finally, how much benefit you can get with my suggestion. Need step As you know, worries mean nothing other than harms. For example, worries cause stresses and diseases. It is said if we could remove worries, 70% of sick people would completely recover from the disease. And the most significant factor of suicides is also â€Å"worries†. Human relationships, work environments†¦, there are lots of worries. I think everybody lives with certain worries more or less. Satisfaction Step But don’t worry. I have a solution. I have a book called â€Å"How to Stop Worrying and Start Living†, by Dale Carnegie. Although it was written over 30 years ago, what he said hasn’t been out of date at all. Over 80% of reviewers rate this book on 5 star on Amazon. com. Visualization Step I can assure you that you’d enjoy the feeling that your worries are gone away as you read through this book. And it is also famous as a problem solving handbook for business persons. From only one book, you can learn not only the ways to deal with your worries, but also the useful methods of problem-solving. How amazing!! This is the reason why successful business persons around the world read this book continuously. Closing Now, I’d like to ask you, would you like to live a life with worries or without worries? If you choose a worry-free life, what are you waiting for? From the moment you start reading â€Å"How to Stop Worrying and Start Living†, you can â€Å"stop worrying and start living†. Thank you. How to cite How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, Papers

Overpopulation as a Social Problem free essay sample

With these shocking numbers in mind, it is not hard to believe that overpopulation is an issue in the world today, effecting countries on nearly every continent. For the record, overpopulation is not a complete concrete concept; many different opinions exist in determining criteria for overpopulation and deciding which countries should be labeled â€Å"overpopulated. † However in this paper, the following questions concerning overpopulation will be addressed in hopes of developing a better understanding of overpopulation and how it affects many countries of the world: What is overpopulation? Where are some places in the world that are heavily overpopulated? Why is overpopulation a social problem? What are some solutions that have been carried out to address overpopulation? What is overpopulation? In referring to human population, overpopulation occurs when the population of a country, city, or area exceeds the amount of resources available in that area during a given time period. In other words, the concept of overpopulation not only depends on the size of the population, but the ratio of population to sustainable resources available (â€Å"Overpopulation†, 2011). Overpopulation also depends on the way that resources are used and distributed throughout the population, large or small. For example, very low population areas like desert or arctic areas can be considered overpopulated if the amount of resources available is not enough to sustain human life. Essentially, overpopulation affects resources on two different levels: basic life sustaining resources and quality of life resources. An area can be primarily considered overpopulated if resources such as clean water, clean air, food, shelter, and warmth are in shortage, but areas can also be considered overpopulated if certain quality of life resources are in question, such as medical care, education, clean sewage treatment, and waste disposal (â€Å"Overpopulation†, 2011). Where are some places in the world that are heavily overpopulated? The Optimum Population Trust, which is a British organization that advocates population control in the United Kingdom, produced an overpopulation index that ranks countries of the world by assessing three different primary criteria: per capita consumption (ecological footprint) versus per capita biologically productive capacity (measured in global hectares per capita), self-sufficiency versus dependency, and actual population versus sustainable population. According to this index, the ten most overpopulated countries of the world are Singapore, Israel, Kuwait, Korea Republic, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Japan, Lebanon, Iraq, and Belgium. Although China and India are two of the most typically conceived overpopulated countries, they respectively rank 29th and 33rd on the index because they are marginally less dependent on other countries for resources (â€Å"Overpopulation index†, 2010). The Optimum Population Trust states that this helps to demonstrate that overpopulation is not just a matter of population size or density. Why is overpopulation a social problem? The lack of resources that defines overpopulation makes overpopulation a social problem and leads to other social problems. The most obvious result of overpopulation is in land usage. Close to 90% of the worlds food is produced on land. The more land that is required for living decreases the amount of land that can be used for production. Land is a limited resource and will eventually run out. Other essential resources such as food, water, and shelter also become limited as humans use of land increases. Since these resources are no longer available to everybody in surplus; malnutrition, dehydration, and starvation become worse problems as population increases. These limited resources then increase crime rates as people struggle to get necessary supplies to survive. High population in confined areas also increases the amount of pollution, lowers the living conditions, and decreases personal freedom (â€Å"Overpopulation†, 2011). Several people argue that overpopulation is not a social problem. One claim references the fact that the entire world population could relocate to the United States and the population density would be less than 2,000 people per square mile. When this population density is compared to larger United States cities that are typically home to around 10,000 people per square mile, the claim is made that the United States alone has sufficient resources for the world population and that overpopulation is not a problem on a global scale. This claim is made under the false belief that land and population density are the only factors that are affected by overpopulation (Williams, 1999). With 2,000 people per square mile, there would be no room for enough food production and massive levels of starvation would exist. The amount of available fresh water in America would be another overpopulation problem caused by this scenario. North America is currently home to about 15% of the world’s fresh water and does not have enough to supply to everybody in the world at a sustainable rate (Postel, Daily, Ehrlich, 1996). The Population Research Institute makes the claim that overpopulation is a myth and increased population leads to a greater increase in production(â€Å"Overpopulation is a myth†, 2010). While population increases have increased living conditions in developed countries that can produce or maintain sufficient resources, this idea vastly simplifies the problems that overpopulation can cause. As mentioned previously, overpopulation is a problem because of limited resources. Since every resource in the world is limited the sustainable population also has a limit. This means that at some population point the world as a whole will consume more than they produce. This is already happening in several countries, including the United States, where local overconsumption is forcing the import of foreign goods to maintain a healthy society. The most overpopulated countries in the world have a mix of developed countries that have the ability to import the large amount of resources that cannot be produced and poor countries that do not have these capacities. The common theme is that these countries cannot produce sustainable amounts necessary resources and must import items to maintain a healthy living environment (â€Å"Overpopulation†, 2011). Trade is a zero sum gain and countries that have high imports must be offset by countries that have large amounts of excess resources to exports. When the excess resources in these countries disappear, the sustainability of these overpopulated countries will also disappear and the social problems will be undeniable. What solutions have been carried out to address overpopulated areas? While there is no sure solution to overpopulation, measures have been taken to address the issue and limit the negative stresses that it places on the world. Two common solutions that have been carried out to address overpopulated areas are the concept of sustainability and curbing reproduction rates. As previously stated, overpopulation occurs when the population of a country, city, or area exceeds the amount of resources available in that area during a given time period. The concept of sustainability focuses on the second part of that definition: the amount of resources available in that area. An attempt to curb reproduction rates focuses on the first part of that definition: the population of a country, city, or area exceeds, or is in excess. While these two measures directly focus on different aspects of the overpopulation issue, they act as one to solve the problems that overpopulation creates in the world today. Firstly, sustainability is the practice of conserving resources to ensure that people will have enough resources throughout their life and the lives of future generations (Pitts, 2011). Sustainability is practiced by conserving energy, resources, and materials, as well as using new technologies and attempting to monitor reproduction rates in the world. Sustainability is important to preventing a depletion of key resources in our environment because depletion of these resources usually leads to poverty, disease, malnutrition, and sometimes death (Pitts, 2011). Secondly, curbing reproduction rates is an attempt to decrease the population growth of an area by focusing on birth rates, rather than immigration and other issues.

STALIN Essays (766 words) - Communism, Political Philosophy

STALIN Stalin Essay Much like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin was one of the most ruthless and diabolical people in the history of the world. Hitler once said of Stalin, He is a beast, but he's a beast on a grand scale who must command our unconditional respect. In his own way, he is a hell of a fellow! (Stalin Breaker of Nations, p.xvi) What Hitler said of Stalin is only his opinion, and it is not a valid one at that. For you must consider the source, it takes a beast like Adolf Hitler to know a beast and Stalin was a horrible beast. He was also a murderer. Stalin abused his people when he starved them to death, and systematically murdered them. Stalin also abused his country by halting Russia's progress and economic growth. Stalin was a breaker of nations. Stalin first enter the Russian political system in the early nineteen teens. With the help form Lenin, Stalin proposed an answer to the National Question, which was self determination. Stalin's ruthlessness is first discovered by Lenin, whe n Stalin is sent to Georgia to convince the Georgia leader not to practice self determination. When the leader does not agree with what Stalin has to say, Stalin punches the man out and threaten to kill them all. Years after that incident Lenin end up dying and Stalin takes over as the leader of Russia. Because Trotsky was hated by many of the influential political figures in Russia, Stalin becomes the leader of Russia even after Lenin's dying last wishes. 1929 was the first of many years in which Stalin stunted Russia's growth. In that year the Engineer Trials were held. During these trials the Russian elite was brought forth by Stalin on the account of treason. Confessions by the elite which consisted of engineers, doctors, lawyers, teachers and clergy were extracted by many means including torture. After these trials were through thousands of the Russian elite were murdered, with their blood on Stalin's hands. These trails had a horrific effect on the progress of Russia, there wa s now nobody left to lead Russian into the future, and the few elite's that still remained in Russia lived in constant fear of their lives. Around 1932, Stalin had put his plan into action that was later called the Terror Famine. In the Terror Famine, Stalin started to order grain requisitions from the lower class in the Ukraine. Stalin used his army to retrieve the grain from the people, following the orders by Stalin, the army takes too much grain and causes a famine among the lower class. Stalin justified the taking of the grain by saying that it was just a way for the state to regulate the price of grain. By doing this Stalin ended up breaking the back of the Georgians and the Ukrainians. Knowingly, Stalin eliminated millions upon millions of Russian, between 30 and 50 million, in his attempt at an absolute totalitarian rule in Russia. By killing so many of the Russian's who were the ones which the economy was supported on, Stalin has broken the nation of the Ukraine. From aroun d 1936 through 1938 Stalin extracted his Great Terror. The Great Terror consisted of many events including the Purge Trials and the Katyn Massacre. During the purge trials, Stalin once again haltered Russian progress. The Purge Trials eliminated many military officers and engineers. The numbers are not exact, but between 250,000 to 500,000 Russians died because of Stalin's orders. These trials caused mass paranoia of the elite's, afraid to make a difference, for if they did then they would ultimately end up dead. Stalin not only haltered the growth of his own country, but he haltered the growth of neighboring counties, on being Poland. In Poland during the Great Terror, Stalin ordered the Katyn Massacre to occur. The top 15,000 officers in the Polish army were rounded up and killed in the forests of Belarus. This was a deep wound, the stunted the Polish progress, since now there were would be no more experienced leaders in Poland's future, since Stalin killed most of their military elite. Once again Stalin had broken another nation. During all this time, Stalin was also

The Innovative Woman essays

Zora Neale Hurston/The Innovative Woman essays Zora Neale Hurston: The Innovative Woman Is Zora Neale Hurston the greatest writers/ anthropologists in the twentieth century? Will Hurstons contributions to the Harlem Renaissance be remembered forever? Many statistics show that Hurstons innovative mind helped her attain these standards, setting her apart from all the other writers. Hurston achieved her goals by writing about the most ordinary things and making them infinitely gorgeous. With the completion of these goals Hurston became the first black American to have collected and published Afro-American folklore. Zora Neale Hurston, was a successful writer whose major notoriety lay in her effects on writing, influence on literature, writers, readers and contributions to the Harlem Renaissance. Because of Hurstons great effects on writing, she became one of the most influential writes of during the Harlem Renaissance. In 1925, she started her writing career in New York City, during the Harlem Renaissance, with only one dollar and fifty cents. Hurston hit her stride in the mid-1930s producing five books, drama, stories, and essays. Her acknowledge masterpiece Their Eyes were Watching God in 1937. The novel revealed its roots in the black folk of Eatonville, but her writings grew increasingly personal, and she based the main characters on her parents. She wrote about a Southern black womans search, over 25 years and 3 marriages, for her true identity and a community in which she can develop that identity. Hurstons work was not political, but her characters use of dialect, her manner of portraying black culture, and her conservatism created controversy within the black community. Throughout her career she addressed issues of race and gender, often relating them to the search for freedom. With the help of her writings, their effects on the world Hurston became a unique artist and scientist. Hurston became perhaps the most prolific and well-k...

My Dropout Boyfriend Kept Dropping in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Dropout Boyfriend Kept Dropping in - Essay Example going through the stages of a Goth, an anarchist, and a Marxist. The author maybe does not fully understand what her boyfriend, Terry, believes is the reason why he has to do this. After Conell details Terry’s reasoning behind this choice, she responds by diverting the subject. Instead of asking why he feels the need to live out in the woods, Conell replies that she likes his apartment. Terry’s decision to live like a homeless person has nothing to do with his apartment so the author is take the attention away from living in the woods and focusing more on what he is giving up. Maybe he might have changed his mind if she had provided some valid reasons why he should not live like that. Because the author did not deal with the problem in the beginning stages, this wacky idea was allowed to run and flourish to its natural conclusion. Furthermore, Conell seems to once again contradict herself when she mentions a discussion with a girl from her dorm. She begins the conversat ion by showing her concern for his immediate safety, but after her outspoken friend emphatically dismisses the idea, Conell tries to stand up for her boyfriend. Her reasoning is that he will save a lot of money and that he will feel close to nature. This seems to suggest that Conell has insecurity problems because she is not too fond of the idea herself, but when someone else joins in attacking Terry, she immediately gets her back up and defends him like there’s no tomorrow. Confirming her earlier shock at Terry’s decision to choose to live like this, Conell mentions a book that he gave her on Valentine’s Day, Into the Wild. In this book, a young man starves to death in the Alaskan wilderness. Her warning bells should have been flashing when this happened because it is not a regular occurrence to give someone a book like this on Valentine’s Day, which is a day all about love and happiness. In her defense, she admits that this should have been a clue and t hat she did not prepare for this decision as well as she could have. Conell gives us great insight into Terry’s habits and personality when she describes the time she first met him. She admits that he was a rebellious person, although she concedes that she was attracted to this. The reason for this was that she felt the same way as he did about many things and this allowed her to express her own feelings. She gives the example of Terry wearing eyeliner and attaching a safety pin through his eyebrow; these are classic warning signs of someone who is prone to bucking the trend. The one difference between these two is that they both act their feelings out in different ways. Conell states how Terry is more outgoing, while she is more of the shy type. This seems to suggest that maybe these two are not suited for each other. Conell fails to mention how this contrast in their behavior affected their relationship. Later on, Conell mentions that Terry dropped out of school only months into his freshman year. The only reason that she gives for this decision is that he was unhappy with school, but perhaps it was something deeper; something that Conell seems to brush off so easily. She uses the word â€Å"defended† when asked about this strange decision by her friends. This shows that Conell is not necessarily in full agreement with his choice because otherwise she would have said that she

Renaissance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Renaissance - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that the first of the many major works in the Renaissance Art movement was the bronze David, a sculpture carved by the chisel of Donatello. The bronze David was a huge step of the movement since it was the first free – standing nude statue in a very long time and far from the typical religious works as well. Other key artists of the movement include Raphael, Botticelli and of course, Leonardo da Vinci.This essay declares that  Da Vinci was called the Renaissance man with a lot of his work like the ‘Mona Lisa’ and ‘The Last Supper’ becoming very popular in those years. A lot of his inventions also helped in the advancement of modern technology and his researches contributed greatly to the fields of astronomy, anatomy and civil engineering.  Raphael on the other hand, was considered to be a ‘master’ painter since the early age of seventeen. He worked as an architect and a painter at a school in Florentine cal led the Italian High Renaissance. His part in the movement was a bit different than the rest since he used his knack for softness and perfection to teach other fellow artists the beauty hidden in the depth of the Renaissance art work.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Birth of Venus’ was a painting that expressed the pagan view of the old bygone days in a very creative manner. It was created by Botticelli while he was a student during the Renaissance period. Renaissance was all about discovering a different manner to do things and that he surely did.

Sub-Saharan Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sub-Saharan Africa - Essay Example The owners see wanting poverty level of the involved families as an easy way to even exploit them by giving meager earnings, which does not even commensurate with what they do. Hence, prompt them even using children in harvesting period who act as cheap labor for they given them much less compared to their adult counterparts (Freely Give Truth, 2013). Hence, prompting child labor statics augment instead of declining in these states. Many firms known to buy cocoa pressurize farmers into augmenting productivity without even minding their conditions for the crop’s demand globally is significantly high. The fact that they involve intermediaries who buy significant cocoa’s production from the farmers, make them have a huge influence on the farmers (Freely Give Truth, 2013). This way they create a monopoly and therefore they pay farmers as low as low as they want due to the great influence they have. This has prompted farmers yield to procuring children’s services for they are aware they will pay them meager wages, which translates to augmenting of child servitude statistics. There is no enough regulation to curb child labor since a child assisting in the farm is not legally wrong only if the child is involved in heavy work load. The government also has devised extremely low minimum pay, hence prompting the impoverished families to continuously wallow in poverty to the extent majority of them do not have any plan for future investments. Because many work to ensure they are capable of affording only day’s upkeep, which ought to be the case especially what they are producing fetches much global market. The CÃ ´te dIvoire regime together with cocoa buyers can effectively influence declining of this menace. In this case, the regime through devising adequate and effective policies barring farmers from employing children would be a good platform meant to start

Influence of Aspirin on Post Tooth Extraction Bleeding

Influence of Aspirin on Post Tooth Extraction Bleeding ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of aspirin on post extraction bleeding in a clinical setup. Materials and Method: 200 Patients aged between 50 to 65 years, who were indicated for dental extraction was selected from outpatient department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. All the patients were randomly divided in aspirin continuing group (Group A) and aspirin discontinuing group (Group B). After checking all the vital signs extractions were carried out. Bleeding time and clotting time was recorded for evaluation by Chi Square Test. Results: Chi Square test asserted that the bleeding time increased (3.8Â ±0.75) in Group B patients who continued with the antiplatelet therapy while it decreased in Group A patients who discontinued aspirin. Similarly clotting time increased in group B patient and decreased in Group A patient. But in both the groups, bleeding and clotting time remained within normal limits. Conclusion: Assessing most of the dental and medical literature it can be concluded that there is absolutely no need to discontinue anti platelet therapy for any ambulatory dental procedure and even if practitioner wishes to discontinue, it should not be more than 3 days. This is also stated in the guidelines of American Heart Association. Keywords: Anti platelet drugs, Aspirin, Bleeding time, Tooth extraction. INTRODUCTION Medical practitioners commonly advice their patients who are on antiplatelet therapy to either stop or alter their medications prior to surgical procedures due to fear of excessive and uncontrolled bleeding. This is a proven fact that aspirin causes increased risk of intraoperative as well as postoperative bleeding and also increased risk of thromboembolic events such as myocardial infraction and cerebrovascular accidents if the drug is continued1. Thrombotic and thromboembolic occlusions of blood vessels are the main cause of ischaemic events in heart, lungs and brain2. In case of blood vessel injury hemostatic mechanism is responsible for stopping the extravasation. Mainly hemostatic mechanism in characterized by two consecutive phases primary and secondary. Primary mechanism arrests early bleeding as a result of platelet plug formation3. Secondary hemostasis phase is mediated by complex cascade of clotting factors which helps in formation of fibrin clot4. In recent years lot of re search and progress have been made in the field of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. These drugs have been utilized for the management of arterial thrombosis also2. Even though a number of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents have been developed, aspirin and warfarin remains the standard drug of choice5. Development of aspirin dates back to 1897 and is considered as one of the safest and cheapest drug worldwide. A general practitioner Lawrence Craven prescribed low dose aspirin (Baby Aspirin) to his 400 patients and none of them developed myocardial infraction6. This was probably the first time in medical history where aspirin was used to prevent myocardial infarction. Since then it has become the drug of choice for cardiologists. The antithrombotic effect of aspirin is mediated by irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity in platelets. Phospholipase-A2 acts on the cell membrane to release arachidonic acid on activation. Cyclooxygenase acts on arachidonic acid to produce thromboxane A2. Thromboxane A2 is a potent platelet stimulant leading to degranulation of platelet and platelet aggregation. Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme and decreases the level of platelet stimulant thromboxane A2,5 thus increasing the bleeding time. This is the important reason for a medical practitioner to stop aspirin 3 to 7 days prior to any invasive surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of aspirin on post extraction bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHOD This study was conducted at the outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Patients who were on aspirin therapy, aged between 50 to 65 years and who had to undergo tooth extraction were selected for the study. Patients on warfarin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, heparin, steroids or suffering from blood disorders and diabetes were excluded from the study. Informed consent was obtained from the patients with the ethical committee clearance. Two hundred patients including both males and females whose teeth were indicated for extraction were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into Group A and Group B of 100 patients each. Group A patients continued to receive aspirin preoperatively while Group B patients were asked to stop aspirin 7 days prior to extraction. Pre operatively all the vital signs (Blood Pressure and Pulse) were measured. Bleeding time (White and Lee technique) and clotting time (Ivy’s technique) was calculated. Extractions were carried out only if the above parameters were within normal range. After tooth was extracted presence or absence of bleeding and bleeding time was recorded. Analgesics and antibiotics were prescribed as needed for pain and infection control. Chi square test was used to evaluate the relative frequencies of patients in both groups. Differences of parametric variables were tested with analysis of variance. RESULTS After applying Chi square test, mean bleeding time was calculated as 2.1Â ±0.52 minutes in the patients who discontinued baby aspirin (Group B) 7 days prior to extraction. Bleeding time of Group A patients who continued aspirin through the entire study was found to be 3.8Â ±0.75 minutes. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.002) [Table 1]. Although there is significant increase in the bleeding time of Group A patients it should be noted that bleeding time of both the groups was within the normal limits. Clotting time of Group B patients was 3.8Â ±0.75 and Group A was 4.7Â ±0.74 which was also within the normal limits (Normal range according to Ivy’s Method: 3 to 5 minutes). DISCUSSION Historically aspirin was used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug for a short period of disease activity. Lawrence Craven in 1950 reported for the first time its long term use to prevent myocardial infarction6. He advocated a lower dose for antiplatelet action. Antiplatelet activity of aspirin occurs at doses ranging as low as 40 mg/day7 to 3208 mg daily. Doses above 320 mg/day decrease the effectiveness of aspirin as antiplatelet agent due to inhibition of prostacyclin production9. However recent clinical trial indicates that 160 mg/day is optimal for antiplatelet action10. In emergencies where urgent antithrombotic action is required a loading dose of 300 mg is advocated9. Usually in United States daily dose of 81 mg, 160 mg or 325 mg are prescribed while in Europe and other countries daily dose of 75 mg, 150mg or 300 mg are prescribed10. Risk of continuing aspirin therapy prior to surgery is that, with the alteration of platelet function longer time period is required to stop the bleeding from a surgical site. This is attributed to the alteration in primary hemostatic mechanism. Burger et al stated that, in patients on aspirin, the average risk of bleeding increases 1.5 folds. At the same time there is a risk in stopping the aspirin prior to surgery leading to a potential risk of rebound of thromboembolic vascular events. On stopping aspirin thromboxane A2 activity increases to a greater extent with decrease in fibrinolytic activity11. Ferrari et al showed the existence of biological platelet rebound phenomenon on interruption of aspirin therapy. This could create a prothrombotic state which may lead to fatal thromboembolic events. Approximately 20% of these episodes are fatal and another 40% can lead to permanent disability12. Practitioners who advocate the stoppage of aspirin have been debating among themselves regarding the time limit to stop aspirin. Literature wise the effect of aspirin on platelets is irreversible. The effect lasts for 7 to 10 days which is the life span of platelets13, 14. Therefore since early days it was recommended to stop aspirin 7 days prior to surgical procedure15-19. Sonksen et al in their study comprising of 52 healthy individuals showed that withdrawal of aspirin for more than 5 days was not recommended20. Wahl et al advocated that aspirin should be discontinued for 3 days only as after 3 days of interruption of aspirin, sufficient number of newer platelets would be present in circulation for hemostasis21, 22. Now again the debate arises whether to stop aspirin therapy or not? Fear for uncontrolled bleeding encourages the practitioners to discontinue the aspirin therapy. Few studies have shown that there is always an increased risk of bleeding in patients continuing aspirin23, 24. Hence few studies recommended stopping of aspirin therapy prior to surgical procedure17, 19, 25. However if the aspirin therapy is discontinued, there is increased risk of thromboembolic events which can be fatal but none of these have been reported in dental literature. Fijnheer et al in his article mentioned that there is scarcity of literature regarding dental surgeries involving patients on aspirin medication26. Little et al recommended that unless bleeding time is increased above 20 minutes aspirin affected platelets would not cause significant bleeding complication22. Similar claims were made by Sonksen et al and Gaspar et al20, 27. Canigral et al conducted a research involving surgical extraction in patients on antithrombotic therapy. In 92% cases bleeding stopped within 10 minutes with pressure alone. This result was in accordance with the present study4. Gaspar et al advocated that ambulatory oral surgical procedures can be performed in patients without discontinuing the use of aspirin27. A recent recommendation from American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology is that, either continuing aspirin or clopidogrel therapy for minor oral surgical procedures in patients with coronary artery stents or delaying treatment until prescribed regimen will be complicated. The present study demonstrated that there was significant increase in the bleeding time in both the groups but in no case it was difficult to stop the bleeding. Although bleeding time increased in the Group A patients but it still remained within the normal range, regardless of whether patients continued or discontinued their aspirin therapy28, 29, 30. This result was similar to the study done by Canigral et al4. Valerin et al conducted a study with 17 patients randomized to aspirin and 19 to placebo and found no differences in bleeding outcomes for patients on aspirin. This finding suggested that there was no need to discontinue aspirin prior to any ambulatory oral surgical procedures31. Adchariyapetch compared the postoperative bleeding on subjects who stopped or continued taking the aspirin for seven days prior to extraction. The mean bleeding time in both the groups was in normal range. After the procedure there was no difficulty in achieving hemostasis. Therefore they concluded that surgical extraction did not require discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy32. Matocha in his study concluded that risk of bleeding after dental extraction is very minimal in the patients with aspirin therapy and did not exceed 0.2 to 2.3%33. Murphy et al concluded with a survey that 86% of the dental practitioners who advised the patient to stop antiplatelet drugs prior to dental extraction did so with the consultation of the patient’s physician and found that the protocol followed by the physicians and dentists was not based on the current recommendations and guidelines34. Napenas et al concluded that the risk of stopping antiplatelet therapy and predisposing the patient to thromboembolic events overweighed the minimal risk of bleeding from dental procedures. Similar results were found in the study done by Nielsen et al35. Wahl in a research study reported that in 950 patients receiving anticoagulation therapy, only 12 required (

Fanon and de Beauvoir: Opposing Discrimination Essay example -- Psycho

Fanon and de Beauvoir: Opposing Discrimination All modern (i.e. post-paleolithic) religions contain the "Gnostic trace" of distrust or even outright hostility to the body and the "created" world. Contemporary "primitive" tribes and even peasant-pagans have a concept of immortality and of going-outside-the-body (ec-stasy) without necessarily exhibiting any excessive body-hatred. The Gnostic Trace accumulates very gradually (like mercury poisoning) till eventually it turns pathological. Gnostic dualism exemplifies the extreme position of this disgust by shifting all value from body to "spirit". This idea characterizes what we call "civilization". -Hakim Bey, â€Å"Information War†, c-theory a022 Struggles against ‘injustice’ in the 20th century tend to take a drearily similar form. First the advocate recognizes that not all people are equal, next demands that some irrelevant differences are ignored, and finally tries to make all people people again. This method has become so popular it has been applied â€Å"all the way down† the ladder of inferiority, to declare politically-irrelevant unequal treatment on ‘every possible’ basis. The effort is, in a sense, a drive to move from the â€Å"created† world outside the ‘body’ to a cheery world of equality in the mind. This hostility to the body and exoneration of a universal subject, unfortunately, is also precisely the basic cause of the discrimination one must condemn in step one of struggles for equality. The subject is a problem for many reasons, but the explicit proclamation of the inferiority of some to others relies purely on an ability to say what a person is or sho uld be, and what not. If some are treated as less than human, it may well be because of the category of human itself.... ...attempt to initiate some oppressed groups into the class of oppressors. What may well be needed instead of trading places in the system of constructed identities centered around one ideal subject is a rethinking of the subject itself, a problematization of the role of self that Fanon and de Beauvoir are so anxious to expand just enough to allow in their chosen group. The analogy to Moses is apt, the Gnostic impulse here can be seen in both thinkers as they rescue their people from the servitude in one land, take them through a long initiation process to the promised land, which is disappointing, and then allow them free reign as stable subjects to wage war against their own enemies and dominate the Canaanites as they had been dominated. There is a perverse specter of the golden rule being obeyed: discriminate against others as you were once discriminated against.